EU sustainability rules apply flat compliance costs to suppliers of very unequal capacity. The distributional effect, and three things buyers can do about it.

Farmers generate the primary data behind corporate disclosure, carry the verification cost, and capture a minority of the value. Three counter-arguments.

German farmers expected the Düngeverordnung to cost yield. Two decades of nitrogen data suggest the regulation rewarded regenerative practice instead.

Sustainability resists one number. A narrow, testable satellite proxy for German nitrogen surplus, what it showed, and where it fell short.

A field map is a decision instrument, not a picture. Why perceptually ordered colour scales change which zones an agronomist actually acts on.